How transcription factors shape cell fate decisions Biology Diagrams Abstract. The genome is dynamically reorganized, partitioned, and divided during mitosis. Despite their role in organizing interphase chromatin, transcription factors were largely believed to be mitotic spectators evicted from chromatin during mitosis, only able to reestablish their position on DNA upon entry into G 1.However, a panoply of evidence now contradicts this early belief. Taken together, these recent studies call for a paradigm shift toward a dynamic model of TF behavior during mitosis, underscoring the need for incorporating dynamics in mechanistic models for re-establishing transcription post-mitosis. Keywords: binding dynamics, mitotic bookmarking, transcription factors, transcriptional memory. Introduction
"Bookmarking" transcription factors remain bound in mitosis to a subset of their interphase sites (10-15). Knockdown of these factors during mitosis delays reactivation of target genes (10, 11, 13), although the proper transcriptome is eventually regenerated. Thus, the basis for identity maintenance during mitosis remains unclear, and the Mitosis is accompanied by dramatic changes in chromatin organization and nuclear architecture. Transcription halts globally and most sequence-specific transcription factors and co-factors are ejected from mitotic chromatin. How then does the cell maintain Similarly, the transcription start sites (TSSs) of certain genes scheduled for reactivation following mitosis were shown to remain sensitive to permanganate oxidation in mitosis, suggesting a conformationally privileged structure at the TSSs of these genes (Michelotti et al., 1997). It was thus proposed that some unknown factors must escape the
Mitotic transcription and waves of gene reactivation during mitotic ... Biology Diagrams
The genome is dynamically reorganized, partitioned, and divided during mitosis. Despite their role in organizing interphase chromatin, transcription factors were largely believed to be mitotic spectators evicted from chromatin during mitosis, only able to reestablish their position on DNA upon entry into G 1.However, a panoply of evidence now contradicts this early belief.
Mitosis is accompanied by dramatic changes in chromatin organization and nuclear architecture. Transcription halts globally and most sequence-specific transcription factors and co-factors are ejected from mitotic chromatin. How then does the cell maintain its transcriptional identity throughout the cell division cycle? It has become clear that not all traces of active transcription and gene Early studies of transcription factor binding in mitosis led to a conclusion that a subset of factors are retained in mitotic chromatin 3 and that genes that are active in interphase can also
Emerging Roles for Transcription Factors During Mitosis Biology Diagrams
Mitotic bookmarking transcription factors (BFs) maintain the capacity to bind to their targets during mitosis, despite major rearrangements of the chromatin. While they were thought to propagate gene regulatory information through mitosis by statically occupying their DNA targets, it has recently become clear that BFs are highly dynamic in In fact, several transcription factors essential for the stemness maintenance act as bookmarking proteins that guarantee the cell fate preservation once mitosis ends [47,51]. It is then tempting to speculate that errors on the proper reactivation of transcription after mitosis might interfere with the rapid establishment of pluripotency in stem
